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In plant tissue culture, surface sterilization, subculturing, and repeated transfer of explants are critical steps to ensure the successful growth of plant tissues in a controlled, sterile environment. Let's go over each process in detail: 1. Surface Sterilization Definition: Surface sterilization is the process of removing or killing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.) present on the surface of plant tissues (explants) before they are cultured in a sterile medium. Steps: Selection of Explants: Choose the plant part you want to culture, such as a leaf, stem, root, or shoot tip. Pre-washing: Clean the explants under running tap water to remove visible dirt, dust, and debris. Treatment with Disinfectants: Ethanol (70% solution): The explants are often dipped in 70% ethanol for about 30 seconds to 1 minute to kill surface microbes. Sodium Hypochlorite or Bleach (2-10% solution): A common disinfectant used to kill microorganisms. The explants are submerged in a diluted bleach ...

A plant tissue culture lab requires a controlled, sterile environment and specific tools and equipment to ensure the successful growth of plant cells, tissues, or organs in a nutrient medium. Here's a list of the essential tools and equipment typically needed in such a lab: 1. Basic Lab Setup Laminar Air Flow (LAF) Cabinet: A sterile work area where tissue culture manipulations are done to prevent contamination. Autoclave: Used to sterilize media, glassware, and instruments through high-pressure steam. Incubator or Growth Chamber: Maintains controlled temperature, humidity, and light conditions to promote plant growth. Hot Air Oven: Used to dry and sterilize glassware at high temperatures. Distillation Unit or Deionized Water System: To provide pure water for preparing media and cleaning. 2. Glassware and Plasticware Petri Dishes: For culturing small tissues or cells. Culture Bottles/Flasks: Used for growing plant tissue in a sterile environment. Test Tubes and Culture Tubes...

History of Plant Biotechnology The history of plant biotechnology can be traced back thousands of years when humans first began cultivating plants and selecting crops with desirable traits. However, modern plant biotechnology began in the 20th century with the development of more scientific methods for understanding and manipulating plants. Let’s go through the key milestones in its history: 1. Early Agricultural Practices (Ancient Times) Domestication of Plants : Thousands of years ago, early humans began selecting plants with desirable traits (such as better yields or drought resistance). This marked the beginning of crop improvement through basic breeding. Selective Breeding : Over centuries, farmers selectively bred plants to enhance traits such as taste, size, and resistance to environmental conditions. 2. Discovery of Genetics (Mid-19th Century) Gregor Mendel (1865) : The father of genetics, Mendel, discovered the principles of inheritance by experimenting with pea plants. His wo...