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India has made a significant advancement in cancer treatment with the introduction of CAR T-cell therapy, showing promising results in recent clinical trials published in The Lancet.   Here's a simplified explanation: What is CAR T-cell therapy? A new type of cancer treatment that uses the patient's own immune system.   T-cells (a type of white blood cell) are collected from the patient's blood.   In a lab, these T-cells are genetically modified to attack cancer cells.   The modified T-cells are then infused back into the patient.   What types of cancer does it treat? Certain blood cancers, especially when other treatments have failed.   What were the results of the clinical trials? Nearly 73% of patients responded positively to the treatment. The trials also provided important data on survival rates for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma. Is it available in India? Yes, India's drug regulator approved the ...

 Current Affairs: A Parliamentary Standing Committee has recommended changes to improve the regulation and promotion of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) drugs in India. The government wants to make sure AYUSH drugs are held to high standards and that more people know about them. They want to create a dedicated agency to regulate these drugs and work with other countries and organizations to promote traditional Indian medicine. President Trump recently tried to use the Alien Enemies Act to deport members of the Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua.  However, a judge blocked these deportations, leading to a debate about this old law.  An old law allows the President to deport people from "enemy" countries during wars. President Trump tried to use this law to deport gang members, claiming they were an "invading force." However, a judge blocked this, and now there's a debate about whether this law can be used in this way. India has m...

Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): The "Basic Structure Doctrine" Significance The Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) is a landmark Supreme Court judgment that defined the limits of Parliament's power to amend the Indian Constitution. It introduced the  "Basic Structure Doctrine" , ensuring that the core principles of the Constitution remain inviolable. Background Golaknath Case (1967) : The Supreme Court ruled that Parliament  cannot amend Fundamental Rights . 24th Amendment (1971) : Parliament asserted its power to amend  any part  of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights. Kesavananda Bharati , a Kerala spiritual leader, challenged land reform laws affecting his math's property under  Article 26  (right to manage religious property). The case expanded into a broader debate on constitutional amendments. Key Issues Can Parliament amend  Fundamental Rights ?...

Federal System with Unitary Bias: Simple Notes Federal System in India: The Indian Constitution sets up a federal system of government.   Features of a Federation (Present in India): A federation usually has these characteristics, and India has them too: Two Governments: A central government and state governments .   Division of Powers: Powers are divided between the center and states (like in lists in the Constitution).   Written Constitution: A document outlining the rules of government (the Indian Constitution itself).   Supremacy of Constitution: The Constitution is the highest law of the land.   Rigidity of Constitution: A process for amendment that is not too easy (as discussed before). Independent Judiciary: Courts are free from influence of the government.   Bicameralism: Legislature (Parliament) has two houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).   Unitary Features (Bias Towards the Center): Despite being...

Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility: Simple Notes Rigid vs. Flexible Constitutions: Constitutions can be of two types based on how easy they are to change (amend): Rigid Constitution: Hard to Amend: Requires a special, difficult procedure to change it. Example: American Constitution . It's quite hard to amend the US Constitution. Flexible Constitution: Easy to Amend: Can be changed in the same way as ordinary laws are made. Example: British Constitution . The UK constitution (which is mostly unwritten) is relatively easy to change. Indian Constitution - Blend of Both: The Indian Constitution is neither fully rigid nor fully flexible . It's a mix of both. Article 368 - Amendment Procedures: Article 368 of the Indian Constitution describes two main ways to amend it: (a) Amendment by Special Majority of Parliament:   For Some Provisions: Some parts of the Constitution can be changed by a " special majority " in the Indian Parliament (which has two houses - Lok...