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Indian Councils Act of 1861

Indian Councils Act of 1861

Context:

  • After the 1857 revolt, British wanted Indians to help run the country.
  • Passed 3 laws (1861, 1892, 1909) to include Indians in governance.

Key Features:

  1. Involved Indians in Law-Making:
    • First time Indians were part of the law-making process.
    • Viceroy (British head in India) picked 3 Indians as advisors (e.g., Raja of Benaras).
  2. Power to Provinces:
    • Gave back law-making power to Bombay and Madras (earlier, all power was with the central British government).
    • Reversed the trend of central control since 1773.
    • Later, provinces got full internal freedom (by 1937).
  3. New Councils Created:
    • Bengal (1862), North-Western Provinces (1886), Punjab (1897) got their own law-making councils.
  4. Viceroy’s Control & Departments:
    • Viceroy could set rules for meetings.
    • Introduced “portfolio system”: Each council member managed specific departments (like education, finance) and made decisions for their area.
  5. Emergency Powers:
    • Viceroy could pass temporary laws (ordinances) without the council’s approval during emergencies.
    • These laws lasted 6 months.

Why Important?

  • First step to include Indians in governance.
  • Started sharing power between British and provinces

 

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