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Stoichiometry of Cell Growth and Kinetics

 

Definition:

  • Describes the balanced chemical equation for the formation of biomass from substrates like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

  • Helps determine nutrient requirements and product yields in a bioprocess.

Stoichiometry of Cell Growth:

Definition:

  • Describes the balanced chemical equation for the formation of biomass from substrates like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

    • Helps determine nutrient requirements and product yields in a bioprocess.

Key Components:

  1. Substrate (Carbon Source):

    • Usually glucose or other carbohydrates.

  2. Biomass (Cells):

    • Represented as CxHyOzNnwhere x, y, z, and n vary depending on the organism.

  3. Products:

    • Primary metabolites: CO₂, H₂O, and other cellular by-products.

  4. Oxygen:

    • Required for aerobic growth.

Example Stoichiometric Equation:

  • For aerobic growth of E. coli on glucose:

Significance:

  • Predicts biomass yield and by-product formation.

  • Balances carbon, nitrogen, and energy requirements.

  • Helps in scaling up bioprocesses for industrial applications.



Cell Growth Kinetics:

Definition:

  • Describes the rate of increase in cell number or biomass over time.

  • Key to optimizing bioreactor performance and understanding microbial behavior.

Growth Phases in a Batch Culture:

  1. Lag Phase:

    • Cells adapt to the new environment; no significant growth.

  2. Log (Exponential) Phase:

    • Rapid cell division; growth rate reaches its maximum (μmax​).

  3. Stationary Phase:

    • Nutrients deplete, and growth slows; growth rate = death rate.

  4. Death Phase:

    • Cells die due to nutrient exhaustion and toxic by-products.

Key Kinetic Parameters:

  1. Specific Growth Rate (μ):

    • Definition: Rate of increase of biomass per unit biomass concentration.

    • Formula:

  2. Doubling Time (td​):

  • Time required for the biomass to double.

  • Formula:

    • td=ln(2)μ

Types of Growth Models:

  1. Batch Culture:

    • Closed system; all nutrients provided at the start.

    • Growth follows a predictable curve (lag, log, stationary, death).

  2. Continuous Culture (Chemostat):

    • Open system; fresh medium continuously added, and culture removed.

    • Growth maintained at a steady state.

  3. Fed-Batch Culture:

    • Nutrients are added gradually to prolong the log phase.

    • Common in industrial fermentations.

Conclusion:

  • Stoichiometry of cell growth is crucial for understanding nutrient consumption and product formation in bioprocesses.

  • Growth kinetics helps optimize conditions for maximum productivity, ensuring efficient use of resources.

  • Together, they provide the foundation for designing and scaling up fermentation processes in biotechnology and industrial microbiology.

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