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Methods of Tumor detection,

 

Introduction

  • Tumour detection involves identifying abnormal growths of tissue that may indicate cancer or other medical conditions.

  • Early and accurate detection is crucial for successful treatment and improving survival rates.

  • Methods range from non-invasive imaging to invasive techniques like biopsies.


Methods of Tumour Detection

Imaging Techniques:

These methods visualise tumours in the body without invasive procedures.

X-Ray:

  • Also known as Compound Tomography Scan. Usually used to help diagnose tumours, investigate internal bleeding or check other internal injuries or damage. 

  • A typical scan of the body, without intravenous contrast, can take about 10 minutes. If we use IV contrast, it can take about 30 minutes.

Ultrasound:

  • Uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues.

  • Commonly used for detecting breast and abdominal tumours.

CT Scan (Computed Tomography):

  • Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body.

  • Helps identify tumours in the brain, chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

  • Produces high-resolution images of soft tissues using magnetic fields and radio waves.

  • Preferred for detecting brain, spinal cord, and soft tissue tumours.

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography):

  • Detects active tumour cells by using radioactive tracers.

  • Effective in identifying cancer spread (metastasis).

  • Mammography:

    • Specialized X-ray for breast cancer detection.

    • Identifies abnormal masses or calcifications in breast tissue.


Cytological Tests:

  • Pap Smear:

    • A screening test for cervical cancer.

    • Collects cells from the cervix to identify precancerous or cancerous changes.

    • Recommended regularly for early detection in women.

Biopsy:

The most definitive method for tumour detection.

  • Types:

    • Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): Extracts cells from the tumour using a thin needle.

    • Core Needle Biopsy: Uses a larger needle to remove a tissue sample.

    • Surgical Biopsy: Removes part or all of the tumour for examination.

  • Pathological Examination:

    • Samples are examined under a microscope to confirm if the tumour is benign or malignant.


Laboratory Tests:

Involves analyzing blood, urine, or tissues for markers indicative of tumors.

  • Blood Tests:

    • Look for tumor markers like PSA (prostate cancer), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), or AFP (liver cancer).

  • Urine Tests:

    • May detect specific proteins or chemicals associated with tumors.

  • Liquid Biopsy:

    • Detects circulating tumor cells or DNA in the blood.

    • Useful for early detection and monitoring treatment response.

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