Introduction
Tumour detection involves identifying abnormal growths of tissue that may indicate cancer or other medical conditions.
Early and accurate detection is crucial for successful treatment and improving survival rates.
Methods range from non-invasive imaging to invasive techniques like biopsies.
Methods of Tumour Detection
Imaging Techniques:
These methods visualise tumours in the body without invasive procedures.
X-Ray:
Also known as Compound Tomography Scan. Usually used to help diagnose tumours, investigate internal bleeding or check other internal injuries or damage.
A typical scan of the body, without intravenous contrast, can take about 10 minutes. If we use IV contrast, it can take about 30 minutes.
Ultrasound:
Uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues.
Commonly used for detecting breast and abdominal tumours.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography):
Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
Helps identify tumours in the brain, chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):
Produces high-resolution images of soft tissues using magnetic fields and radio waves.
Preferred for detecting brain, spinal cord, and soft tissue tumours.
PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography):
Detects active tumour cells by using radioactive tracers.
Effective in identifying cancer spread (metastasis).
Mammography:
Specialized X-ray for breast cancer detection.
Identifies abnormal masses or calcifications in breast tissue.
Cytological Tests:
Pap Smear:
A screening test for cervical cancer.
Collects cells from the cervix to identify precancerous or cancerous changes.
Recommended regularly for early detection in women.
Biopsy:
The most definitive method for tumour detection.
Types:
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA): Extracts cells from the tumour using a thin needle.
Core Needle Biopsy: Uses a larger needle to remove a tissue sample.
Surgical Biopsy: Removes part or all of the tumour for examination.
Pathological Examination:
Samples are examined under a microscope to confirm if the tumour is benign or malignant.
Laboratory Tests:
Involves analyzing blood, urine, or tissues for markers indicative of tumors.
Blood Tests:
Look for tumor markers like PSA (prostate cancer), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), or AFP (liver cancer).
Urine Tests:
May detect specific proteins or chemicals associated with tumors.
Liquid Biopsy:
Detects circulating tumor cells or DNA in the blood.
Useful for early detection and monitoring treatment response.