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Introduction: Bioreactors are used for cultivating microorganisms, plant, or animal cells under controlled conditions. To ensure optimal growth and product formation, monitoring and controlling key process variables like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) is crucial . Key Process Variables and Their Importance: 1. Temperature Control: Importance: Temperature affects enzyme activity , cell metabolism , and product formation . Deviations can lead to reduced growth , product yield , or even cell death . Monitoring: Temperature Sensors: Measure the temperature continuously inside the bioreactor. Typically thermocouples or RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) . Control Mechanisms: Heating Systems: Heating Jackets or Coils: Circulate hot water or steam to raise the temperature. Cooling Systems: Cooling Jackets or Coils: Circulate cold water or refrigerant to lower the temperature. Automated Controllers: Adjust heating or cooling based on real-time feedback from temperature sens...

Introduction: A bioreactor is a vessel used for conducting biological processes involving microorganisms, animal cells, or plant cells. It provides an environment conducive to the growth of cells or the production of desired products like enzymes, vaccines, and pharmaceuticals . Bioreactors are crucial in industries such as biotechnology , pharmaceuticals , and food processing . Design of a Bioreactor: The design depends on the type of process (e.g., aerobic/anaerobic , batch/continuous ). It ensures optimal conditions for biological activity, such as temperature , pH , oxygen supply , and nutrient availability .                                              Credit:  https://microbenotes.com/bioreactor/ Main Parts of a Bioreactor and Their Functions: Vessel/Body: Material: Made of stainless steel or glass. Function: Contains the culture me...