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Cell Biology (GATE)

1. Introduction to Cell Biology

2. Cell Structure and Function

  • 2.1. Cell Membrane
    • Structure of the lipid bilayer and membrane proteins.
    • Functions of the cell membrane: transport, signaling, and cell adhesion.
  • 2.2. Cell Wall
    • Structure and function in prokaryotes and plants.
  • 2.3. Cellular Organelles
    • Structure and function of major organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

3. Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement

  • 3.1. Cytoskeleton Components
    • Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • 3.2. Motor Proteins and Cellular Movement
    • Mechanisms of action: myosin, kinesin, and dynein.
  • 3.3. Cell Motility and the Extracellular Matrix
    • Mechanisms of amoeboid movement, flagellar and ciliary motion.

4. Cell Cycle and Cell Division

  • 4.1. Cell Cycle Phases
    • G1, S, G2, and M phases.
  • 4.2. Regulation of the Cell Cycle
    • Role of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and checkpoints.
  • 4.3. Mitosis and Meiosis
    • Detailed steps of mitosis and meiosis.
    • Comparison and significance of both processes.

5. Cell Signaling and Communication

  • 5.1. Types of Cell Signaling
    • Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine signaling.
  • 5.2. Signal Transduction Pathways
    • Key signaling pathways (e.g., GPCRs, RTKs).
    • Role of second messengers (cAMP, Ca2+).
  • 5.3. Apoptosis and Cell Death
    • Mechanisms and significance of programmed cell death.

6. Transport Across Cell Membranes

  • 6.1. Passive Transport
    • Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
  • 6.2. Active Transport
    • Primary and secondary active transport mechanisms.
    • Role of pumps and transporters (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).
  • 6.3. Bulk Transport
    • Endocytosis and exocytosis processes.

7. Cellular Metabolism and Energy

  • 7.1. Metabolic Pathways
    • Overview of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • 7.2. ATP Production
    • Role of mitochondria in cellular respiration.
  • 7.3. Photosynthesis
    • Chloroplast structure and light-dependent reactions.

8. Cancer Biology

  • 8.1. Characteristics of Cancer Cells
    • Differences between normal and cancerous cells.
  • 8.2. Molecular Basis of Cancer
    • Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and carcinogenesis.
  • 8.3. Mechanisms of Cancer Treatment
    • Current strategies for cancer therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy).

9. Practical Applications and Laboratory Techniques

  • 9.1. Laboratory Practices
    • Cell culture techniques and maintenance.
    • Microscopy and staining procedures.
  • 9.2. Experimental Approaches
    • Techniques for studying cell cycle and apoptosis.
    • Use of flow cytometry and Western blotting.

10. Ethical and Technological Considerations

  • 10.1. Ethical Issues in Cell Biology Research
    • Use of stem cells and genetic modification.
  • 10.2. Emerging Technologies
    • CRISPR and its applications in cell biology.
    • Advances in live-cell imaging.

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