Definition and Applications with Scope of plant biotechnology.

Introduction:

Plant biotechnology involves the combined use of biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering science to develop technological applications using microorganisms, cultured tissue cells, and more. It includes scientific methods to manipulate and transfer genetic material for practical purposes.

Tissue culture refers to the aseptic in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs, or entire plants under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions, often to produce plant clones.

The resulting clones are genetically identical to the original plant.

Controlled conditions allow for better growth and manipulation by providing the right nutrients, pH levels, temperature, and the necessary gaseous and liquid environment.

Applications of the Plant Biotechnology:

• Genetic engineering has increased plant productivity.

• It has made plants resistant to pests.

• Plants are now more resistant to harsh environmental conditions.

• Engineered plants have an improved ability to reproduce and yield more than usual.

• These plants are also resistant to drought and other unfavourable soil conditions.

Basic Concept of Culturing:

1. Explant

        The initial tissue or organ used for culturing.

1. Surface Sterilisation

        Steps involved:

• Clean with tap water

• Chemical sterilisation

• Rinse with sterile water

1. Inoculation

            The explant is introduced into a sterile culture medium.

1. Subculturing: Transferring the plant material from one culture medium to another to encourage growth.

1. In vitro Plant Development: Plants grow in a controlled, sterile environment.

2. Hardening: Gradual adaptation of the plants to natural conditions:

                    Primary Hardening & Secondary Hardening

1. Transfer to Field: After hardening, plants are moved to field conditions.

2. Fully Hardened Plants: Plants are now adapted and ready for growth in open environments.